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Engraving of Louis, the dauphin during the reign of Louis XIV

Medals struck by Gregory XIII to celebrate the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day.

Engraving of Pope Pius V

The shawm may remind one of a modern day recorder. The shawm was a popular instrument during the Renaissance era, and was developed in the 12th century.

The sackbut is an instrument which later evolved into the modern day trombone. It was popular in 16th century renaissance music and grew to replace the sliding trumpet.

The lute was a common instrument in renaissance era music. The lute is a fretted string instrument, a bit like a modern-day guitar. Leonardo da Vinci was among the many renaissance artists that played the lute.

William Shakespeare, the prolific and preeminent writer of plays and sonnets in England during the late 16th and early 17th centuries, represents the spread of plays throughout Europe and especially England during the Early Modern period. Most people…

The excerpt from Candide is one in which Pangloss the philosopher is introduced. Here Voltaire makes clear what he thinks of optimistic philosophy.


Interpretation:
Voltiare, the greatest voice of the Enlightenment, wrote Candide in 1759 as a…